Hahnemann: The Father of Hahnemann, Part 9

Samuel and Mèlanie Hahnemann arrived in Paris on June 21, 1835, after a two-week journey from Köthen, Germany. By mid-July, they were living in a spacious house that backed onto the Luxembourg Gardens. Hahnemann wrote to a friend, “We are living here in the purest air as if we were in the country; we are like a couple of doves and our love for one another daily increases.”

The political climate in France under Louis Philippe I was more stable than it had been in some time, and the king would not be exiled until five years after Hahnemann’s death. Therefore, the couple did not have to worry about war, even if social and financial inequality continued to cause unrest.

Mèlanie took Samuel to the opera and theater—something he had never indulged in while living in Germany. It was a time when romantic dramas were pushing the old classical plays off the stage. Their second night in Paris, they saw Meyerbeer’s Robert de Diable with Mèlanie’s father (who had consented to the marriage prior to its occurrence).

The Hahnemanns dined at the famous Tour d’Argent restaurant that had gorgeous views of the Seine, attended the ceremonial opening of the Arc de Triomphe, and admired the newly arrived obelisk of Luxor in the Place de la Concorde. [The obelisk was an ancient (1250 B.C.) monument gifted to France from Egypt.]

The Gallic Homeopathic Society, started in 1832, made Hahnemann an honorary president, and he sat as chairman at their infrequent meetings and encouraged all those studying homeopathy to follow the doctrine as he had presented it. Before Hahnemann had arrived, the Society had been denied permission to open a homeopathic hospital. The decision was influenced by the French Royal Academy of Medicine whose members had argued, “reason and experience are united to repel with all the force of intelligence a system like this.”

France had been inundated with new medical systems ever since the French Revolution had swept away anything related to the old, established systems. Dr. Gall had brought phrenology (the study of head bumps), which was popular for a time. When that phase was waning, it was replaced by Mesmer and his mesmerism. To the Academy of Medicine, homeopathy was one more crazy phase; they had also tried to get Hahnemann’s request to practice medicine in France denied. Fortunately, the Minister of Public Instruction, M. Guizot, was more open-minded. He wrote, “If homeopathy is a chimera, or a system without internal cohesion, it will collapse of its own accord.” He chided members of the Academy, saying that their mission should be to “favor science and to encourage discoveries.”

[An aside: In Hahnemann’s opinion, the members of the Academy were “barbaric venesectors.” By the time the Hahnemanns arrived in Paris, Broussais’ once very popular blood-letting method was starting to decline, but not fast enough for Hahnemann. Regarding Broussais’ method, Hahnemann wrote, “The doctors of Europe and elsewhere willingly took to this one easy method of treating all diseases, because it spared them all reflection (the hardest work under the sun!).”]

After living in France for three years, Hahnemann wrote to a friend, “I found that France was, and is still, very weak in our art….” But he goes on to say that young medical graduates had become more and more interested because of “the number of cures affected by myself and my dear wife.” On a more personal note, he wrote, “I live here highly respected, partly no doubt because my wife is a Frenchwoman of good family and has a large circle of distinguished friends; and I enjoy better health and spirits than for the past twenty years. Many Germans who knew me formerly tell me I look many years younger, for which I have expressly to thank my loving warden, my dear Mèlanie.”

All of Hahnemann’s letters from that period of his life tell of his continued love for Mèlanie. She adored him as well—along with his medical system—and applied herself to learning it wholeheartedly. Less than two years after moving to Paris, Hahnemann wrote a friend, “...through her own study of our science she daily progresses more and more. Her cures of the worst diseases...amazed everybody, and at times, even myself.” They saw patients together every morning and Mèlanie held a clinic for the poor in the afternoon. There was no shortage of patients, from all social classes and many nationalities, and the Hahnemanns eventually had to move to a larger house to accommodate them all. The practice was “opulent and fashionable,” and rose far above the category of a “fringe” medicine.

Typically, in the nineteenth century, physicians were expected to go to the homes of their wealthy patients, and it was a sign of Hahnemann’s renown that these people traveled to him. There were exceptions: When people were too ill to make the trip, Hahnemann and/or Mèlanie would travel to them, and one patient, Baron Rothschild, was so rich and powerful that he offered enough money to always receive house calls. Some other famous patients were Lord Elgin, who brought the “Elgin marbles” to Britain, sculptor David d’Angers, portrait painter Henri Scheffer, dramatist and essayist, Ernest Legouve, Comédie-Francaise actress Rachel, Philippe Musard, the “Glenn Miller of his day,” violinist Paganini, and many others. The Hahnemanns charged fees on a sliding scale basis, and Mèlanie maintained her free clinic for the poor throughout her practice, even after she became a widow.

Mèlanie’s old painting teacher, Guillaume Guillon-Lethière (see part 8), entrusted his grandchildren to Melanie in his will, and they lived with her and Hahnemann. Ea Lethière became a painter, like her grandfather, but Charles Lethière studied pharmacy, became the Hahnemanns right-hand man, and later qualified as a doctor and a homeopath himself. Mèlanie’s father was treated for cataracts by the Hahnemanns, and several of Hahnemann’s children received treatment through correspondence with him. Only one of his children, Amalie, ever travelled to Paris to see him. He had hopes that expansion of the railroad would eventually allow others to easily visit him, but it never happened.

One patient, Helen Berkley, French-born American author, playwright, actress, and preservationist wrote a detailed account of her consultation with the Hahnemanns. It’s a fascinating read in its entirety, but here I will share her detailed physical descriptions of the pair. She described Mèlanie as “an elegant-looking woman, with a finely rounded form, somewhat above the medium height. Her face could not be called beautiful or pretty, but the term handsome might be applied to it with great justice. Her forehead was full and high, and her hair thrown back in a manner which perfectly displayed its expansive proportions. Those luxuriant tresses of a bright, flaxen hue were partly gathered in a heavy knot at the back of her head and partly fell in long ringlets behind her ears. Her complexion was of that clear but tintless description which so strongly resembles alabaster. There was a thoughtful expression in her large blue eyes, which, but for the benignant smile on her lips, would have given a solemn aspect to her countenance.”

Hahnemann she described thus: “His slender and diminutive form was enveloped in a flowered dressing gown of rich materials, and too comfortable in appearance to be of other than of Parisian make. The crown of his large, beautifully proportioned head was covered by a skull cap of black velvet. From beneath it strayed a few thin snowy locks, which clustered about his noble forehead, and spoke of the advanced age which the lingering freshness of his florid complexion seemed to deny. His eyes were dark, deep set, glittering and full of animation.”

At some point during the consultation, Hahnemann came to realize that Helen had been in Germany and knew the language. “He immediately commenced a conversation in his native tongue, inquiring how I was pleased with Germany, what I thought of the inhabitants, their customs, whether I found the language difficult, how I was impressed with the scenery, and continuing an enthusiastic strain of eulogium upon his beloved country for some time.” Her story shows that Hahnemann clearly felt great nostalgia for his homeland. As much as he had suffered persecutions there, he would always love it dearly.

Next: The Hahnemanns in Paris, part 2 – the last installment of the series.

Hahnemann: The Father of Homeopathy, Part 8

Dr. Samuel Hahnemann expected that his last years on Earth would be spent in Köthen. Widowed at age 75, two of his daughters, Louise and Charlotte, kept house for him. In his mind, his life’s work was done. He had completed his research, published everything needed to keep his medical system alive after his death, and now he whiled away his “dwindling” years by either attending to patients or teaching those who came to Köthen to learn from him. (See part 7.)

He refused to travel, with one notable exception: In June 1834, at age 79, he attended the one-year anniversary celebration of the first homeopathic hospital. Returning to Leipzig for such an occasion must have been deeply satisfying. He had left the city 15 years earlier after a court decision stripped him of the right to dispense his own medicines, and the trial also led to the persecution of all his students (see part 6). But now! The homeopaths of Leipzig had successfully opened a homeopathic hospital the previous year.

An entourage traveled with Hahnemann to Leipzig, and “he was enthusiastically welcomed with befitting ceremony by an address in Latin by (the hospital's) director.” Hahnemann had influenced the appointment of the director, and was glad that his strong opinions on the matter had been heeded. He had been the driving force behind ousting the first director, a man Hahnemann called a “half-homeopath,” who had allowed emetics, venesection, and other Old School treatments in addition to the homeopathic ones. Convinced that the man (and all those like him) would imperil the new doctrine, Hahnemann vociferously campaigned against this “silly confounder of Homeopathy and Allopathy” and won. Unfortunately, the conflict created a further divide in the homeopathic community, widening the rift created by Hahnemann’s book on chronic disease (see part 7). The ousted director continued to practice his version of homeopathy and had more tolerant names for the two types of practitioners: purists and liberals. It’s interesting to note that factions remain in the homeopathic community to this day—the purists, who practice according to strict Hahnemannian principles, and various others.

In October of that same year (1834), Hahnemann met Mèlanie d’Hervilly-Gohier, a French painter and poet, and his life took a sharp turn in a new direction. Mèlanie’s rationale for making the 2-week journey from Paris to Germany varies, depending on the biographer. One stressed that her ill health brought her to Köthen; she wanted to see if Hahnemann could cure a chronic ailment that had baffled her physicians in Paris. Hahnemann’s case files from her appointment describe “a kind of tic douloureux in the right hypogastrium.” And Mèlanie wrote about that time, “my health was impaired as a result of grief caused by the loss of several of my friends.” She had also been unable to paint for three years. Another biographer wrote that, after reading the French translation of the Organon of Medicine, Mèlanie was determined to claim its brilliant author for her own country. It’s true that after reading the Organon, she wrote, “the sun of true medicine had risen for me.” She had been interested in medicine since childhood, but since women were not allowed to attend medical colleges she pursued a career in the arts instead. But the Organon renewed her squelched interest in the topic and, by meeting Hahnemann, she could learn medicine in a new and inspiring way.

Mèlanie was the daughter of a French nobleman who was described as “intellectually unconventional” (Napoleon had given amnesty to the French aristocrats who survived the Revolution). She was educated at home, and is described as “highly precocious.” Her father allowed her to study what interested her, and she did not choose the typical lessons that prepared girls for marriage. Mèlanie had no intention of marrying, and was “the despair” of a vain mother, who reportedly threw a knife at 15-year-old Mèlanie in a fit of jealously over the girl’s spiritedness and good looks. Her father sent her to live with the family of her painting teacher, Guillaume Guillon-Lethière, a gifted “history” painter, and this arrangement accelerated her skill as a painter. She also became involved in the politics of the day and wrote poems, not all of which were political, but one of her few surviving poems was L’Hirondelle Athènienne (The Athenian Swallow), published in 1825, which was sold to raise money for the Greek War of Independence. Mèlanie was also a sportswoman who could ride, swim, and shoot a variety of guns.

She traveled to Germany alone, dressed in gentleman’s clothes, which was not unusual for the female painters of the day. They would often don trousers during their solitary jaunts into the countryside to paint landscapes. Additionally, Mèlanie was known to say, “I prefer going about with men, for no sensible word can be addressed to a woman.” But when she met Hahnemann, that fateful day in October, she wore her hair in the latest Parisian style and had on a dress that reportedly “shocked and excited” Hahnemann’s daughters. She was a tall, handsome woman with blue eyes and fair hair, and Hahnemann, though 79 years of age, was “lively and brisk; every movement full of life, his features sharp and animated.”

He found in Mèlanie a kindred spirit; she was intelligent, articulate, energetic, and well-read. She appreciated Hahnemann’s razor sharp intellect and unswerving integrity. Reports state that they became engaged only three days after they met. In any event, they were married 103 days after they met, following a courtship that was kept secret to avoid conflict with Hahnemann’s daughters, as well as his friends. He was more than twice her age, but their love, as soul mates, could not be denied. In one of her letters during the courtship, she writes, “you will always be my husband in my thoughts; no other man will ever lay a profane hand on me, no mouth other than yours will kiss my mouth. I give you my faith, and I swear to you eternal love and fidelity.”

It goes without saying that much of the world did not see the match in a positive light. One of Hahnemann’s detractors, a standard physician, reportedly said that he hoped the old man would finally be carried off; surely, he couldn’t long survive the physical demands of a marriage bed. Hahnemann’s assistant, Dr. Lehmann, called the match a “sacrifice” on the part of Mèlanie. And Hahnemann’s daughters were particularly distraught over it. They worried that their father had fallen into the hands of an adventuress, and worried that his mental faculties were slipping. They could not understand the depth of affection that had sprung up between the pair, and they also worried that their raison d’etre would be stripped from them after the marriage. In truth, it was. Hahnemann bought them another house after the wedding, so that he and Mèlanie could live peacefully together and not be disturbed by the daughters’ interference and jealousy. Mèlanie also wanted privacy, in which to share her husband’s bed without judgement. She wrote of the daughters, “they must believe, as does the whole world, that there’ll be no physical passion between us,” (for it was true that most of the world preferred to think of it as a “platonic” marriage). It wasn’t. In Hahnemann’s will, he wrote, “should my present wife bear me any children, then this child or children, as a matter of course, have the same claims on my property as the children of my first marriage.”

Mèlanie lived in Köthen with her new husband for about six months before she determined that she had to travel to Paris to “settle her own financial affairs there.” Hahnemann went with her and they never returned to Germany. His will, which he wrote before they left, split his assets between his children. Mèlanie had asked him to do so, to quiet the “adventuress” rumors, and his will included this statement: “On the eve of my departure to Paris, where, far away from the country in which I had to suffer so much, I probably shall remain, and where I hope to find with my beloved wife that peace and happiness for which my desired marriage will be a sufficient guarantee, I declare that I have divided nearly the whole of my property among my children solely on the particular wish and desire of my wife, which is proof of her noble disinterestedness.”

Hahnemann took with him only a small amount of money and his personal valuables, which included his medicines and his library. He further specified in his will that all that went with him to Paris would be Mèlanie’s, and that she would have “complete control” over his funeral arrangements.

Next time: The Hahnemann’s in Paris, part 1

Hahnemann: The Father of Homepathy - Part 7

In 1821, Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, 66 years old, moved away from Leipzig and his teaching position at the university to remove himself from the “pretensions of any apothecary.” [See part 6.] He was tired of the constant fighting—with the apothecaries, as well as with the physicians who had joined forces with them. Some of his followers accused him of giving up, but he knew that removal from the discord was what he required in order to finish his research, and he also wanted to practice homeopathy without restrictions. Hahnemann’s desire was fulfilled when Grand Duke Frederick of Anhalt-Köthen, whom Hahnemann had cured of a complicated disease, offered him sanctuary in his kingdom. [Germany at that time was divided into small but absolute kingdoms, with their own laws and customs.]

Hahnemann thought he had found a haven under the protection of Grand Duke Frederick but the reality was slightly different. Rural Köthen was only 43 miles from urban Liepzig, but the route between the two was neither well-paved nor well-marked; it was easy to get lost at crossroads—all of which made visiting Hahnemann an ordeal for his followers. Also, the Köthen townspeople did not welcome him with open arms. They called him “Evil Wizard,” and one of them threw a rock through his window the first week he was there. He wasn’t sure he could stay, and wrote a friend in Berlin, “I cannot live here quietly much longer because of the many chicaneries, and I must seek out a new place of abode.” But his position as the Grand Duke’s personal physician was too good an appointment to abandon. And, fortunately, once the townspeople came to know Hahnemann, they accepted him. The “Evil Wizard” became “The Hermit.”

Hahnemann reportedly spent his first few months in seclusion, seldom leaving his new home except to visit the Grand Duke professionally. If a former patient or one of his followers needed him, they had to visit him at his house—not easy, considering the roads—or write to him. Hahnemann promptly answered his mail, sometimes sending a needed medicine to a patient. Interestingly, six months after Hahnemann moved to Köthen, the authorities in Leipzig granted homeopaths, “under certain conditions,” the right to dispense their own medicines (see part 6). Despite that, Hahnemann continued living in Köthen with his “more perfect liberty.” He was happy to relinquish command of the ongoing battle to his younger followers, who had the stamina and drive to keep fighting. His abandonment of the battlefield did nothing to ease the Old School’s persecutions, so the new generals had their work cut out for them.

Hahnemann passed much time in his new home’s back garden, and on pleasant days took a drive in his carriage. But he was not idle. He now had the quiet, meditative time in which to finalize and perfect his new method, and this he did with renewed vigor and concentration. While in Köthen, he published the third, fourth, and fifth editions of his “Organon of Medicine,” and newer editions of his Materia Medica Pura as well. He also published his book on chronic disease, which has been called “that great monument to his genius.”

A year before the book was published, Hahnemann shared his findings on chronic disease with the two homeopathic physicians whom he trusted the most: Johann Ernst Staph and Gustav Wilhelm Gross. He wanted to be sure to pass on the information since he was 73 years old and believed “it was not improbable that I might be called into eternity before I could complete this book.”

“The Chronic Diseases: Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homeopathic Cure” was published in 1828. After long years of research, thousands of experiments, and the peace and quiet that gave him uninterrupted time for reflection, Hahnemann finally completed his compendium on Homeopathy. He had, for years, seen that there were some ailments that could not be permanently cured by Homeopathy and which he termed “the remains of some deep-seated chronic disease.” In this book, Hahnemann gave guidance on how to obliterate these ancient chronic diseases. But it introduced a complexity into prescribing that certain homeopathic physicians didn’t want to believe existed. The book caused a sharp divide in the homeopathic community. [An aside: The complexity is widely accepted today, but one must attain a very good homeopathic education with knowledgeable teachers in order to understand it. If one is a “lay practitioner,” it’s best to treat only acute disease and/or make first aid recommendations. One should never try to treat chronic ailments unless Hahnemann’s lessons on chronic disease are thoroughly understood.]

Hahnemann was living in Köthen when the 50th anniversary of his graduation from medical school rolled around (August 10, 1829). He had been in Köthen eight years, and by this time the townspeople had accepted him so thoroughly that he had had to hire an assistant to keep pace with his patients. As old as he was, he stayed very busy between his local patients, all those who wrote to him for help, and those who came to him as pupils. “The Hermit” was beloved, and everyone in the town pitched in to organize what would become an annual celebration. His friends wished for a reliable likeness of him and engaged portrait painter Schoppe, from Berlin, and sculptor Dietrich Jun, from Leipzig. From all parts of Germany and beyond, friends and former pupils came to honor Hahnemann at this Fest-Jubilee, and several gave him presents. The Duke and Duchess attended as well, and gave him a gold snuff box and a valuable antique drinking cup.

Hahnemann “gave thanks to God that he had been allowed to make so sublime a discovery and that he had been continued in bodily and mental vigor.” And he thanked his many friends. He wrote, “I can bear much joy and grief, but I was hardly able to stand the surprise of so many, and such strong proofs of the kindness and affection of my disciples and friends with which I was overwhelmed on the 10th of August.” The celebration also showed him that all his hard work had not been in vain. The seed of Homeopathy was now so deeply rooted, its growth so widely spread, that there was no stopping it.

Sadly, less than a year later, Hahnemann’s wife of 48 years died. She had been ailing for many years and refused all medications at the end. Hahnemann wrote, “After great suffering, fever, and pains, she at length gently fell asleep in our arms with the cheerfullest expression in the world, to wake up in eternity.” Their youngest daughter, Louise, whose husband had died, came to Köthen to give support during her mother’s last days and stayed. His daughter Charlotte had never married or moved away. The two daughters kept house for Hahnemann, the widower, who expected nothing more out of life than to make that final journey into eternity to join his wife.

It’s funny how reality often goes contrary to our expectations. Hahnemann's predictable life took an interesting turn, taking him completely by surprise. Until next time….